Couriers

The digital transformation has introduced "crowdshipping" or platform-based courier work through apps like Uber Eats, DoorDash, and Deliveroo [5, 10]. This shift has sparked a significant debate regarding employment status:

: High-pressure delivery schedules can lead to traffic violations and increased injury rates [27]. COURIERS

: Critics argue that the self-employed model often leaves workers without traditional benefits or social protection [10, 30]. Challenges in the Field and Deliveroo [5

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: High-pressure delivery schedules can lead to traffic violations and increased injury rates [27].

: Critics argue that the self-employed model often leaves workers without traditional benefits or social protection [10, 30]. Challenges in the Field