According to Islamic tradition and the Quran (Surah Al-Baqara 2:144), the direction of prayer has changed once in history:

The history of the (the direction of prayer) in early Islam is a subject that blends religious tradition with modern archaeological debate. While the standard Islamic view describes a single, divinely ordained shift from Jerusalem to Mecca , modern researchers like Dan Gibson have introduced alternative theories based on the physical alignment of ancient mosques. The Traditional Narrative

In recent decades, historian Dan Gibson, in his work Early Islamic Qiblas , challenged this timeline using satellite data of over 100 early mosques. EARLY ISLAMIC QIBLAS - Nabataea.net

: In the early years of Islam, the Prophet Muhammad and his followers faced Masjid al-Aqsa in Jerusalem. This established a spiritual connection with the lineage of earlier prophets like Abraham and Solomon.

: Approximately 16 to 17 months after the Hijra (migration to Medina), a revelation directed the community to turn toward the Kaaba in Mecca. The Masjid al-Qiblatayn in Medina stands today as a monument to this moment, historically featuring two mihrabs (prayer niches) pointing in both directions. The Archaeological Controversy: The "Petra Theory"