Humping
High scanning speeds create a swelling with a large contact angle due to the competition between flow inertia (driving metal backward) and surface tension (resisting deformation).
In the context of industrial manufacturing, is a specific surface defect where periodic, bead-like protuberances (humps) form along a weld seam or a 3D-printed track. This occurs when high-speed processes, such as laser powder bed fusion or arc welding, exceed certain velocity and power thresholds. How Humping Develops humping
Often explained by the Rayleigh instability model , the elongated melt pool behaves like an unstable cylindrical fluid jet, where surface tension causes it to collapse into individual droplets or "humps". High scanning speeds create a swelling with a
When melt velocity significantly exceeds the welding speed, the weld groove cannot be filled instantly. This causes the melt stream to deflect upwards, initiating a hump. How Humping Develops Often explained by the Rayleigh