Scaling, rotating, and translating shapes across the screen.

To get you started with practical programming, here is a piece of starter code utilizing the standard JPanel and Graphics2D libraries:

Converting virtual 2D/3D math models into flat raster images. 💻 A Simple Java 2D Boilerplate

Determining how light and pigments are represented computationally.

The standard textbooks for this topic are by Frank Klawonn and " Introduction to Computer Graphics " by David J. Eck. 🎨 Core Concepts Covered

Mapping abstract user coordinates to physical pixel grids.