Istoria Biserici Ortodoxe (2K 2025)

The 7 Ecumenical Councils and the definition of core dogmas.

The 19th and 20th centuries saw the Ottoman Empire crumble and the rise of modern nation-states in the Balkans. This led to the establishment of self-governing () national churches, such as the Romanian Orthodox Church, the Church of Greece, and the Serbian Orthodox Church. The Communist Crucible Istoria Biserici Ortodoxe

Tensions gradually mounted between the Greek-speaking East and the Latin-speaking West. Disagreements over papal supremacy and the Filioque clause (the insertion of "and the Son" into the Creed by the Western Church) led to the Great Schism in 1054. This event formally divided the Chalcedonian Church into the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church. Captivity and Expansion The 7 Ecumenical Councils and the definition of core dogmas

Moscow as the "Third Rome" and the expansion of the Russian Church. Captivity and Expansion Moscow as the "Third Rome"

The 20th century brought the severe trial of state atheism under Soviet and Eastern Bloc communist regimes. Tens of thousands of clergy were martyred, and thousands of churches were destroyed. Despite this brutal systematic oppression, the faith survived underground and experienced a massive resurgence after the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. 📚 Suggested Academic References

was established during this time, defining the nature of the Holy Trinity.

The breaking point of 1054 and the Fall of Constantinople (1453).