: While much of the Saduza’i-era architecture has been lost to time and war, the Tomb of Timur Shah remains a prominent landmark in the old city today.
: He built the Arg, a massive fortress-palace that remains the seat of Afghan government power.
Following the brief and chaotic rule of Habibullah Kalakani, the Musahiban dynasty (beginning with Nadir Shah) restored order.
: The first steps toward industrialization began with the establishment of the Mashin Khana (workshop/factory) in Kabul, which produced both armaments and everyday goods. 4. Reform, Reaction, and Independence (1919–1929)
: This era saw the first "Afghan women's awakening," including the establishment of the Anjumān-i-ḥimāyat-i-niswān (Society for the Protection of Women) in 1928 and the opening of the first hospital and schools for women in Kabul. 5. Stability and Consolidation (1929–1948)
The reign of King Amanullah Khan following the Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919) brought radical westernization.