Laser operation is governed by quantum mechanics and three primary interactions between light and matter:
For a laser to function, it must achieve , where more atoms exist in an excited state than in a ground state. Without this imbalance, incoming photons would simply be re-absorbed rather than multiplied. Essential Components of a Laser NIF's Guide to How Lasers Work Lasers: fundamentals and applications
A passing photon interacts with an already excited electron, triggering it to release an identical photon—sharing the same phase, frequency, and direction. Laser operation is governed by quantum mechanics and
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