Making Democracy Work : Civic Traditions In Mod... 💎

Historically characterized by vertical, hierarchical structures (such as feudalism and the Mafia). These systems discourage general trust, resulting in less efficient and often corrupt regional governments.

Boasts a "civic community" rich in horizontal associations like sports clubs, bird-watching groups, and choral societies. This high level of civic engagement fosters trust and leads to effective, responsive government. Making democracy work : civic traditions in mod...

Putnam argues that the success of democratic institutions is not determined solely by economic wealth or formal rules, but by —the networks, norms, and trust that facilitate cooperation for mutual benefit. This high level of civic engagement fosters trust

He highlights a sharp contrast between Northern and Southern Italy. Putnam traces these differences back to the Middle

Putnam traces these differences back to the Middle Ages, suggesting that centuries of history have locked these regions into either a virtuous or vicious cycle of civic behavior. Critical Perspective