Techniques like Gel Filtration Chromatography (e.g., Sephadex G-25) and Reverse-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC) are standard for refining individual bioactive fractions.

The precise amino acid sequence and molecular weight of purified peptides are determined using advanced mass spectrometry.

Used as an initial step to separate peptides into specific molecular weight ranges (e.g., <3 kDa or <10 kDa).

Utilized to isolate peptides based on their electrostatic charge. 2. Identification Techniques