Switch-mode Power Supplies -

Different circuit configurations, or topologies, are used based on the desired output:

Efficiently steps down voltage to a lower level.

Energy is stored in reactive components like inductors and capacitors during the "on" cycle and released to the load during the "off" cycle.

The primary function of an SMPS is to transfer power from a source (AC or DC) to a load while regulating voltage and current. The process generally follows these steps:

High-frequency transformers or inductors for energy storage and voltage transformation.

Typically power MOSFETs or BJTs that perform the rapid switching.