A rapid reduction in incomes, extreme inequality, and the informal privatization of essential services like health and education.
Fulfill some expectations but perform poorly in others; they often suffer from corruption and deteriorating infrastructure. When States Fail: Causes and Consequences
State failure is rarely triggered by a single event but rather a combination of systemic issues: A rapid reduction in incomes, extreme inequality, and
Human agency is often the most direct cause, as rulers subvert democratic norms and work for personal or kin-based gain. Scholars like Robert Rotberg categorize states based on
Scholars like Robert Rotberg categorize states based on their performance in providing security and other "political goods":
Characterized by enduring internal violence and a government that has lost legitimacy and physical control over its territory.
Deep ethnic, religious, or tribal divisions that are exploited by political elites to fuel violent conflict.